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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pelecaniformes</span></h1>
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<th>Pelecaniformes
</th></tr>
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<td class="taxo-bild" style="font-size:smaller;">
<p><a href="Rosapelikan" title="Rosapelikan">Rosapelikan</a> (<i>Pelecanus onocrotalus</i>)
</p>
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<th><a href="Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie)">Systematik</a>
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<td><i><a href="Stamm_(Biologie)" title="Stamm (Biologie)">Stamm</a>:</i>
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<td><a href="Chordatiere" title="Chordatiere">Chordatiere</a> (Chordata)
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<td><i><a href="Stamm_(Biologie)" title="Stamm (Biologie)">Unterstamm</a>:</i>
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<td><a href="Wirbeltiere" title="Wirbeltiere">Wirbeltiere</a> (Vertebrata)
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<td><i><a href="Klasse_(Biologie)" title="Klasse (Biologie)">Überklasse</a>:</i>
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<td><a href="Kieferm%C3%A4uler" title="Kiefermäuler">Kiefermäuler</a> (Gnathostomata)
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<td><i><a href="Reihe_(Biologie)" title="Reihe (Biologie)">Reihe</a>:</i>
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<td><a href="Landwirbeltiere" title="Landwirbeltiere">Landwirbeltiere</a> (Tetrapoda)
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<td><i><a href="Klasse_(Biologie)" title="Klasse (Biologie)">Klasse</a>:</i>
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<td><a href="V%C3%B6gel" title="Vögel">Vögel</a> (Aves)
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<td><i><a href="Ordnung_(Biologie)" title="Ordnung (Biologie)">Ordnung</a>:</i>
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<td>Pelecaniformes
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</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Nomenklatur_(Biologie)" title="Nomenklatur (Biologie)">Wissenschaftlicher Name</a>
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<td class="taxo-name">Pelecaniformes
</td></tr>
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<td class="Person"><a href="Richard_Bowdler_Sharpe" title="Richard Bowdler Sharpe">Sharpe</a>, 1891
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<p>Die <b>Pelecaniformes</b>, im Deutschen auch als <b>Pelikanverwandte</b> bezeichnet, sind eine Ordnung der <a href="V%C3%B6gel" title="Vögel">Vögel</a>, zu der die <a href="Pelikane" title="Pelikane">Pelikane</a> (Pelecanidae), der <a href="Schuhschnabel" title="Schuhschnabel">Schuhschnabel</a> (<i>Balaeniceps rex</i>), der <a href="Hammerkopf_(Vogel)" title="Hammerkopf (Vogel)">Hammerkopf</a> (<i>Scopus umbretta</i>), die <a href="Reiher" title="Reiher">Reiher</a> (Ardeidae) sowie die <a href="Ibisse_und_L%C3%B6ffler" title="Ibisse und Löffler">Ibisse und Löffler</a> (Threskiornithidae) gehören.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Bird_List_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Bird_List-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Bis vor wenigen Jahren hatte die Ordnung eine fast völlig andere Zusammensetzung und neben den Pelikanen wurden die <a href="T%C3%B6lpel" title="Tölpel">Tölpel</a> (Sulidae), die <a href="Fregattv%C3%B6gel" title="Fregattvögel">Fregattvögel</a> (Fregatidae), die <a href="Tropikv%C3%B6gel" title="Tropikvögel">Tropikvögel</a> (Phaethontidae), die <a href="Kormorane" title="Kormorane">Kormorane</a> (Phalacrocoracidae) und die <a href="Schlangenhalsv%C3%B6gel" title="Schlangenhalsvögel">Schlangenhalsvögel</a> (Anhingidae) in die Pelecaniformes gestellt.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In dieser Zusammensetzung wurden die Pelecaniformes im Deutschen <a href="Ruderf%C3%BC%C3%9Fer" title="Ruderfüßer">Ruderfüßer</a> genannt, nach dem Bau der Füße, bei denen alle vier Zehen durch eine <a href="Schwimmhaut" title="Schwimmhaut">Schwimmhaut</a> verbunden sind.<sup id="cite_ref-Urania_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urania-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Ähnlichkeiten zwischen Pelikanen und den anderen Familien beruhen jedoch lediglich auf <a href="Konvergenz_(Biologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Konvergenz (Biologie)">Konvergenz</a>, molekularbiologische Befunde wie <a href="DNA-Analyse" title="DNA-Analyse">DNA-Vergleiche</a> von <a href="Mitochondriale_DNA" title="Mitochondriale DNA">mitochondrialer</a> und <a href="Genom#Eukaryoten" title="Genom">nukleärer</a> (im <a href="Zellkern" title="Zellkern">Zellkern</a> befindlicher) <a href="DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> sprechen deutlich gegen eine Verwandtschaft.<sup id="cite_ref-Hackett_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackett-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prum_et_al._6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum_et_al.-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p>Die nächsten Verwandten der Pelikane sind der <a href="Schuhschnabel" title="Schuhschnabel">Schuhschnabel</a> (<i>Balaeniceps rex</i>) und der <a href="Hammerkopf_(Vogel)" title="Hammerkopf (Vogel)">Hammerkopf</a> (<i>Scopus umbretta</i>), zwei Vögel, die im tropischen Afrika heimisch sind und in der traditionellen Systematik zu den Schreitvögeln (Ciconiiformes) gerechnet wurden.<sup id="cite_ref-Hackett_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackett-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prum_et_al._6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum_et_al.-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Schwestergruppe" title="Schwestergruppe">Schwestergruppe</a> der von allen drei Taxa gebildeten <a href="Klade" title="Klade">Klade</a> sind die <a href="Reiher" title="Reiher">Reiher</a> (Ardeidae) und die <a href="Ibisse_und_L%C3%B6ffler" title="Ibisse und Löffler">Ibisse und Löffler</a> (Threskiornithidae).<sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prum_et_al._6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum_et_al.-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schwestergruppe der von allen fünf Taxa gebildeten Klade sind die übrig gebliebenen Ruderfüßer. Um wieder zu <a href="Monophyletisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletisch">monophyletischen</a> Taxa zu kommen, ordnet das <a href="International_Ornithological_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="International Ornithological Committee">International Ornithological Committee</a> alle Familien der Schreitvögel bis auf die <a href="St%C3%B6rche" title="Störche">Störche</a> (Ciconiidae) den Pelecaniformes zu. Die Tropikvögel bilden jetzt eine eigenständige Ordnung, die Phaethontiformes, und die übrigen Ruderfüßer werden in die Ordnung <a href="Suliformes" title="Suliformes">Suliformes</a> gestellt.<sup id="cite_ref-AOU_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOU-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_Bird_List_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Bird_List-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die nahe Verwandtschaft der heute in die Pelecaniformes gestellten Familien gründet sich auf molekularbiologische Untersuchungen und wird noch nicht durch <a href="Morphologie_(Biologie)" title="Morphologie (Biologie)">morphologische</a> Merkmale gestützt.
</p><p>Die wahrscheinlichen verwandtschaftlichen Verhältnisse gibt folgendes Kladogramm wieder.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhl_et_al._8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhl_et_al.-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reddy_et_al._9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reddy_et_al.-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> Ciconiiformes
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<p><a href="St%C3%B6rche" title="Störche">Störche</a> (Ciconiidae)
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<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="Suliformes" title="Suliformes">Suliformes</a>
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<p><a href="Fregattv%C3%B6gel" title="Fregattvögel">Fregattvögel</a> (Fregatidae)
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<p><a href="T%C3%B6lpel" title="Tölpel">Tölpel</a> (Sulidae)
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<p><a href="Schlangenhalsv%C3%B6gel" title="Schlangenhalsvögel">Schlangenhalsvögel</a> (Anhingidae)
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<p><a href="Kormorane" title="Kormorane">Kormorane</a> (Phalacrocoracidae)
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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <b>Pelecaniformes</b>
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<p><a href="Ibisse_und_L%C3%B6ffler" title="Ibisse und Löffler">Ibisse und Löffler</a> (Threskiornithidae)
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<p><a href="Reiher" title="Reiher">Reiher</a> (Ardeidae)
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<p><a href="Hammerkopf_(Vogel)" title="Hammerkopf (Vogel)">Hammerkopf</a> (<i>Scopus</i>)
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<p><a href="Pelikane" title="Pelikane">Pelikane</a> (<i>Pelecanus</i>)
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<p><a href="Schuhschnabel" title="Schuhschnabel">Schuhschnabel</a> (<i>Balaeniceps</i>)
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<td valign="top"><br><span style="display:none;">Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style</span>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quellen">Quellen</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-World_Bird_List-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-World_Bird_List_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-World_Bird_List_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">WorldBirdNames.org <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbirdnames.org/classification/orders-of-birds-draft/">Orders of Birds</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Nelson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Bryan Nelson: <i>Pelicans, Cormorants and their relatives.</i> Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-857727-3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Urania-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Urania_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottfried Mauersberger: Urania Tierreich, Vögel. Urania, Leipzig 1991, ISBN 3-332-00491-3, S. 98–112.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hackett-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hackett_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hackett_4-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Hackett et al.: <i>A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History</i>. Science 27, Juni 2008: Band 320. Nr. 5884, S. 1763–1768, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157704" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1126/science.1157704">DOI:10.1126/science.1157704</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Jarvis-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jarvis_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jarvis_5-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Jarvis et al. (2014): <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705175653/http://jarvislab.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Science-2014-Jarvis-1320-31-corrected-Jan-2015.pdf">Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> des <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r250917974">
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</style><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fjarvislab.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F12%2FScience-2014-Jarvis-1320-31-corrected-Jan-2015.pdf">Originals</a></span> vom 5. Juli 2018 im </i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a><i>) <small class="archiv-bot"><span class="wp_boppel noviewer" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="i"></span></span></span> <b>Info:</b> Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.</small><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://IABotmemento.invalid/http://jarvislab.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Science-2014-Jarvis-1320-31-corrected-Jan-2015.pdf">@1</a></span><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jarvislab.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Science-2014-Jarvis-1320-31-corrected-Jan-2015.pdf">@2</a></span><span style="display:none">Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/jarvislab.net</span>.</i> Science 1320 (2014); 346 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253451" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1126/science.1253451">DOI: 10.1126/science.1253451</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Prum_et_al.-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Prum_et_al._6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Prum_et_al._6-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Prum_et_al._6-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard O. Prum et al.: <i>A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing.</i> Nature, Oktober 7, 2015; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15697" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/nature15697">DOI: 10.1038/nature15697</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AOU-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AOU_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="American_Ornithologists%E2%80%99_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="American Ornithologists’ Union">AOU</a> Committee on Classification and Nomenclature (North & Middle America) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aou.org/committees/nacc/proposals/2009-C.pdf">Proposals 2008-C</a> (PDF; 109 kB)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Kuhl_et_al.-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuhl_et_al._8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Heiner Kuhl, Carolina Frankl-Vilches, Antje Bakker, Gerald Mayr, <a href="Gerhard_Nikolaus" title="Gerhard Nikolaus">Gerhard Nikolaus</a>, Stefan T. Boerno, Sven Klages, Bernd Timmermann, Manfred Gahr: <i>An Unbiased Molecular Approach Using 3′-UTRs Resolves the Avian Family-Level Tree of Life.</i> Molecular Biology and Evolution, Band 38, Ausgabe 1, Januar 2021, S. 108–127, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa191" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa191">doi: 10.1093/molbev/msaa191</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Reddy_et_al.-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reddy_et_al._9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Sushma Reddy, Rebecca T. Kimball, Akanksha Pandey, Peter A. Hosner, Michael J. Braun, Shannon J. Hackett, Kin-Lan Han, John Harshman, Christopher J. Huddleston, Sarah Kingston, Ben D. Marks, Kathleen J. Miglia, William S. Moore, Frederick H. Sheldon, Christopher C. Witt, Tamaki Yuri, Edward L. Braun: <i>Why Do Phylogenomic Data Sets Yield Conflicting Trees? Data Type Influences the Avian Tree of Life more than Taxon Sampling.</i> Systematic Biology, Band 66, Ausgabe 5, September 2017, S. 857–879, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syx041" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx041">doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syx041</a></span>
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